![]() ![]() Recent studies may be relevant to find more information on the link between motion sickness, migraine, vertigo and anxiety. However, negative effects on psychomotor performance may limit these drugs' use among drivers, pilots and naval crew members. The most effective anti-motion-sickness drugs are central acting anticholinergics, including scopolamine and H 1 antihistamines. The nonpharmacological options include all procedures that reduce conflicting sensory input and accelerate the process of adaptation. Some pharmacological and nonpharmacological countermeasures are used for the prevention and treatment of motion sickness. ![]() A promising new direction is the recently reported association of a genetic polymorphism of the α 2-adrenergic receptor with an increased autonomic response to stress and motion sickness. A few new theories may help explain motion sickness' occurrence beyond the traditional sensory conflict theory. Some evidence emphasizes the role of the otoliths in the pathogenesis of motion sickness. In sum, motion sickness has an important influence on modern travel activities and on the rapidly spreading field of virtual reality. In addition, we identified no randomized controlled trials that examined the effectiveness of scopolamine in treating established motion sickness symptoms. No conclusions can be made on the comparative effectiveness of scopolamine and other agents, such as antihistamines and calcium channel antagonists. The use of scopolamine versus a placebo in preventing motion sickness has been shown to be effective. No studies were available related to the therapeutic effectiveness of scopolamine in managing established motion sickness symptoms. Dry mouth was more common with scopolamine than with methscopolamine or cinnarizine. Although sample sizes were small, scopolamine was no more likely to induce drowsiness, blurry vision or dizziness compared to other agents. Evidence comparing scopolamine to cinnarizine or combinations of scopolamine and ephedrine is equivocal or minimal. Comparisons between scopolamine and other agents were few and suggested that scopolamine was superior (vs. Scopolamine was more effective than placebo in preventing symptoms. ![]() Scopolamine was administered via transdermal patches, tablets or capsules, oral solutions or intravenously and was compared against placebo, calcium channel antagonists, antihistamines, methscopolamine or a combination of scopolamine and ephedrine. Of 35 studies considered potentially relevant, 14 studies (1,025 subjects) met the entry criteria. In 2011, a systematic Cochrane review was performed to assess the effectiveness of scopolamine for preventing and treating motion sickness. To control these vegetative symptoms, scopolamine and antihistamines are the most effective drugs. Therapy is directed towards decreasing conflicting sensory input, accelerating the process of adaptation and controlling nausea and vomiting. Predisposing factors include menstruation, pregnancy, migraines and possibly a side difference in the mass of otoconia in the vestibular organs. Children between 2 and 12 years old are most susceptible to motion sickness, and women are more frequently affected than men. Furthermore, some other special situations, such as simulators, the cinema and video games, have been described as causing pseudomotion sickness. The physical signs of motion sickness occur in both humans and animals during travel by sea, automobile or airplane and in space. Motion sickness is a well-known nausea and vomiting syndrome in otherwise healthy people. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the physiological basis, clinical picture and treatment options for motion sickness.
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